Conferences

1. TMP2020 — The 6th International Conference on ThermoMechanical Processing

05 Jul 2021 - 07 Jul 2021 • Shenyang, China

Organizer: The Chinese Society for Metals

Abstract:

ThermoMechanical Processing (TMP) is an established and vital part of the production method for increasing and tailoring the mechanical properties not only for steels, but also expanding to various non-ferrous alloys. The TMP allows improving the microstructural features in order to realize the metal products fitting the requirement imposed by the modern mechanical and structural engineering. With a scope that ranges from the latest process and product developments through to associating physical metallurgy in the thermomechanical processing of steels and non-ferrous alloys, TMP 2020 Conference aims at examining the key aspects involved in TMP: phase transformations, complex microstructures evolution, applications in CSP/ESP, in-line heat treatments, measurement techniques and the technological forming operations (rolling, forging, extrusion etc.).

Event listing ID:1357111

Related subject(s):Metallurgy and Materials Science

Event website:https://tmp2020.medmeeting.org/en

2 ICCEA 2021 — 2021 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture

10 Jul 2021 - 12 Jul 2021 • Seoul, South Korea

 

Organizer:CZES

Abstract:

2021 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture (ICCEA 2021) will be taken place in Seoul, South Korea, during July 10-12, 2021, which is technically sponsored by Innovation Centre for Engineering Education at Seoul National University. It is the premier forum for the presentation of new advances and research results in the fields of theoretical, experimental, and practical civil engineering and architecture. The conference will bring together leading researchers, engineers and architects in the domain of interest from around the world.

Contact: Ms Mandy Ming; Phone: [86-28-83207566]; Email: Vera_qh@outlook.com

Topics:

Theoretical and Advanced Technology of Engineering Structures, High-rise Buildings and Large-span Structures, Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Newer Structures and Special Structures, Geotechnical Engineering, Municipal Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering, Civil Engineering and Materials, Engineering Structure Safety and Disaster Prevention, Building Energy Conservation and Green Architecture, Structural Reliability, Durability and Health Monitoring, Engineering Management

Event listing ID:1399587

Related subject(s): Ecosystems, Environment and Sustainable Development, Transportation and Logistics

Event website: http://www.iccea.org/

3. SEEME — 3rd International Research Conference on Sustainable Energy, Engineering, Materials and Environment

21 Jul 2021 - 23 Jul 2021 • Oviedo, Spain

Organizer: University of Oviedo

Abstract:

This conference offers a platform for worldwide researchers and scientists from academia, industry and government to discuss proposals and disseminate results on sustainable energy and materials and its impact on engineering and our Environment. The formation of lasting productive partnerships between the participants is also an objective of this conference. This research conference is open to all in the research and scientific community. All presented papers will be published in the conference proceedings. Selected papers will be invited for consideration as a full peer review submission of the conference journals. There will also be opportunities for companies and institutions to introduce their products and services at this conference. If you wish to enquire further about this option, please contact the Organising Committee.

Contact:Conference Manager; Phone: [+44 800 689 0629]; Email: info@ircseeme.com

Topics:

Any topics related to Sustainable Energy, Engineering, Materials, Environment

Event listing ID: 1359812

Related subject(s): Ecosystems, Environment and Sustainable Development, Conventional and Renewable Energy Production

Event website: https://www.ircseeme.com

4. 28th AIRAPT Conference 2021 — Joint 28th AIRAPT and 59th EHPRG International Conference on High Pressure Science and Technology

25 Jul 2021 - 30 Jul 2021 • Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Organizer: Institute of Physics – IOP

Event listing ID: 1385167

Related subject(s):Multidisciplinary Events in Physics, Multidisciplinary Events in Chemistry

Event website: https://events.iop.org/28th-airapt-conference-2021

5. Pipelines 2021

31 Jul 2021 - 04 Aug 2021 • Calgary, AB, Canada

Organizer: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Event listing ID: 1371813

Related subject(s): Civil Engineering and Construction

Event website: https://www.asce.org/templates/conferences-events-event-detail.aspx?id=38122


6. The First Indian International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management

16 Aug 2021 - 18 Aug 2021 • Bangalore – Virtual, India

Abstract:

IEOM Society International is organizing International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management in Bangalore, India, during August 16-18, 2021. Conference is planned with virtual mode due to current COVID-19 global pandemic. The conference aims to provide a forum for academics, researchers and practitioners to exchange ideas and recent developments in the field of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. The conference is also expected to foster networking, collaboration and joint effort among the conference participants to advance the theory and practice as well as to identify major trends in Industrial Engineering and Operations Management.

Event listing ID:1423960

Event website: http://ieomsociety.org/india2021/

7. OTC 2021 — Offshore Technology Conference 2021

16 Aug 2021 - 18 Aug 2021 • Houston, Texas, United States

Abstract:

The Offshore Technology Conference is where energy professionals meet to exchange ideas and opinions to advance scientific and technical knowledge for offshore resources.

Event listing ID:1386995

Related subject(s): Petrochemistry and Petrochemical Industry, Marine Engineering

Event website: http://2021.otcnet.org/

8. IDETC-CIE 2021 — International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference

17 Aug 2021 - 20 Aug 2021 • Online, United States

Organizer: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Abstract:

This year's Fully Virtual event, IDETC/CIE 2021, will highlight emergent technologies that impact the critical engineering issues of product design and development, manufacturing, and the management and integration of information systems throughout the product life-cycle. These events are key international meetings for design and manufacturing engineers in academia, government and industry.

Event listing ID: 1402029

Related subject(s): Mechanical engineering, Multidisciplinary or General Events in Informatics

Event website: https://event.asme.org/IDETC-CIE

9 SISTEC 2021 — 3rd Symposium on Industrial Science and Technology 2021

25 Aug 2021 - 26 Aug 2021 • Kuantan, Malaysia

Abstract:

SISTEC 2021 is an event where graduate, post graduate, post-doctoral students and other researcher can expose their research activities and exchange information regarding advances in industrial science and technology for sustainable development. SISTEC 2021 is the third edition symposium to be organized by FSTI, UMP after the first time Postgraduate Symposium on Industrial Sciences & Technology 2019 (SISTEC 2019) on 22-23 August 2019 in UMP with 61 entries and 2nd Postgraduate Symposium on Industrial Sciences & Technology 2020 (SISTEC 2020 (Virtual)) on 26-27 August 2020 with a total of 93 entries. SISTEC 2021 will collaborate with Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (ULM) and Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) and will be held on 25-26th August 2021 at Grand Darul Makmur, Hotel, Kuantan. The accepted papers will be published in Materials Today: Proceedings (Elsevier).

Event listing ID:1423892

Event website:https://fistsistec.ump.edu.my/index.php/en/

10. RCEUC 2021 — 5th Regional Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Conference

01 Sep 2021 - 02 Sep 2021 • Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Organizer: Universiti Malaya, Department of Chemical Engineering

Abstract:

RCEUC 2021 with the theme "Repositioning Future Chemical Engineers to Embrace the Circular Economy.” , aims to provide a platform for your Chemical Engineering undergraduate students to present their Research and Design Projects, including Final Year Projects (FYP) at an international stage, as well as to facilitate the sharing of the latest research advances in the various fields of chemical engineering. Among the activities that would be held throughout this conference would be a Plenary Forum and Keynote Speeches with the highlight being the Online Presentation and Paper Writing competitions.

Contact: Delegation division; Email: contact.rceuc@gmail.com

Topics: Roles of engineers, Advanced Materials, Energy Security, Food & Biotechnology, Process Control & Safety, Water Security & Environment

Event listing ID: 1423885

Related subject(s): Chemical Engineering, Summer/Winter Schools and Events for Chemistry Students

Event website: http://www.facebook.com/rceuc/

11 APMS 2021 conference — Advances in Production Management Systems

05 Sep 2021 - 09 Sep 2021 • Nantes – online, France

Abstract:

APMS 2021 brings together leading international experts on production systems and logistics from academia, industry, and government to discuss pressing issues in smart manufacturing, operations management, supply chain management, and Industry 4.0 in the Artificial Intelligence era.

Event listing ID:1409437

Related subject(s):
Operational research
 

Event website:
https://www.apms-conference.org/

12 Salento AVR 2021 — 8th International Conference on Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Computer Graphics

07 Sep 2021 - 10 Sep 2021 • Otranto, Italy

Organizer: AVR Lab - University of Salento

Abstract:
SALENTO AVR 2021 intends to bring together the community of researchers, scientists and innovators in order to discuss key issues, approaches, ideas, open problems, innovative applications and trends on virtual and augmented reality, 3D visualization and computer graphics in the areas of medicine, cultural heritage, arts, education, entertainment, military and industrial applications.

Contact: Organizing Committee; Email: info@salentoavr.it

Topics:Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, 3D Visualization, Computer Graphics

Event listing ID:1404601

Related subject(s):Human-Computer Interaction, User Experience

Event website:http://www.salentoavr.it

13 ETFA 2021 — 2021 IEEE 26th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation

07 Sep 2021 - 10 Sep 2021 • Vasteras, Sweden

Event listing ID: 1389397

Related subject(s): Multidisciplinary or General Events in Informatics

Event website: http://www.ieee-ies.org/conferences

14. 13th IWA Conference on Instrumentation, Control and Automation

12 Sep 2021 - 16 Sep 2021 • Beijing, China

Organizer:International Water Association (IWA) and Tsinghua University and State Key Joint Lab Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control

Event listing ID:1262189

Related subject(s):Water Treatment and Reuse

Event website:https://iwa-network.org/events/13th-iwa-conference-on-instrumentation-control-and-automation/

website:http://www.icmea.org


15. ICIT 2022 — 2022 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology

28 Mar 2022 - 31 Mar 2022 • Shanghai, China

Event listing ID:1389404

Event website:http://www.ieee-ies.org/conferences


16. IBF 2021 — ITER Business Forum 2021, IBF/21 (postponed to April 2022).

05 Apr 2022 - 07 Apr 2022 • Marseille, France

Abstract:
Today, the ITER project is entering in a new phase, moving from the ITER buildings construction phase to the ITER machine assembly phase and facing the integration challenges. ITER is moving forward! Do not miss the unique opportunity to make business contacts on the ITER programme and beyond.

Event listing ID:1394234

Related subject(s):Plasma and Gas-discharge Physics, Nuclear Fusion

Event website:https://www.iterbusinessforum.com/home.aspx?f_lang=en

17. ISIE 2022 — 2022 IEEE 31st International Symposium on Industrial Electronics

01 Jun 2022 - 03 Jun 2022 • Anchorage, AK, United States

Event listing ID:1389435

Related subject(s):Electronic Engineering

Event website:http://www.ieee-ies.org/conferences


18. Gordon Research Seminar — Industrial Ecology

11 Jun 2022 - 12 Jun 2022 • Newry, United States

Event listing ID:1378699

Event website:http://www.grc.org/industrial-ecology-grs-conference/2022/


19.Gordon Research Conference — Industrial Ecology

12 Jun 2022 - 17 Jun 2022 • Newry, United States

Event listing ID:1378623

Event website:http://www.grc.org/industrial-ecology-conference/2022/


20. ETFA 2022 — 2022 IEEE 27th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation

06 Sep 2022 - 09 Sep 2022 • Stuttgart, Germany

Event listing ID:1389454

Related subject(s):Multidisciplinary or General Events in Informatics

Event website:http://www.ieee-ies.org/conferences

21. IECON 2022 — 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

17 Oct 2022 - 20 Oct 2022 • Brussels, Belgium

Event listing ID:1389474

Related subject(s):Electronic Engineering, Electrical Engineering

Event website:http://www.ieee-ies.org/conferences

22. ISIE 2023 — 2023 IEEE 32nd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics

19 Jun 2023 - 23 Jun 2023 • Helsinki, Finland

Event listing ID: 1389472

Related subject(s):Electronic Engineering

Event website: http://www.ieee-ies.org/conferences

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Publishers' Directory of India

1. Prabhat Prakashan Private Limited

New Delhi, India

Prabhat Prakashan, an ISO 9001:2015 certified company, is one of the leading publishing houses in India. We have a glorious history of sixty years of publishing quality books on almost all streams.

 

 2. Genius Publications

Jaipur, India 

Genius Publications was established in 2002 and now today we are one of the leading Publishers in the market. Genius Publications is a privately owned publishing company dedicated to the global dissemination of information.

 

3.   BrainMate Book Publication

Noida, India

BrainMate is a reputed organization of CBSE school book publishers in all over India, There are 2 branch in India, His head office in Meerut and branch in Noida Sector 10. Currently BrainMate served 7000+ customers with positive feedback.

 

4. IED Communication ltd 

Mumbai, India

We 'IED Communications Ltd' the Publishers & the organizers of the Automation 2010 show in India are the leading publishers of the Industrial Automation magazine. The Industrial Automation magazine is the complete Automation related magazine, new products releases; new Technological

 

 5. Narosa Publishing House Private Limited

New Delhi, India

Publishers of textbooks for college and university students, reference books and research monographs in chemistry, computer science, earth science, engineering, environmental science, life sciences, mathematics/statistics, medicine and physics.

6. Newspostalk

Ballabgarh, India

Newspostalk covers all global news & provide quality news in a various niche like Continents News, World News, Business News, Sports News, Entertainment News, Health News, technology News, Science News.

7. Medknow Publications Pvt Ltd

Mumbai, India

Publishers of peer-reviewed, open access journals in science, technology and medicine.

8. I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi, India

IK is one of the leading international scientific publishing company in science, technology and medicine. With head office in New Delhi and Branch office in all major cities in India.

9. CESER Publications

Roorkee, India

CESER PUBLICATIONS™ (www.ceser.in) was established in 1999 as a scholarly publisher. From that beginning, CESER PUBLICATIONS™ has been dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of knowledge to scholars, students, the scientific and academic societies. CESER Publications is rapidly growing 

 

10. Digital Information Research Foundation

Chennai, India

Digital Information Research Foundation is one of the largest publishers of Science and Technology journals. The journals published by them are reviewed and indexed in many global databases.

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Automation Engineering Books

Industrial Automation Books

S.No.	Title	Size	Download
1	Programmable Logic Controller PLC Book	4.85 MB	Click Here
2	What is Industrial Automation	1.16 MB	Click Here
3	Instrumentation and PLC	2.22 MB	Click Here
4	Basics of Industrial Automation	2.98 MB	Click Here
5	Industrial Communication Systems	3.1 MB	Click Here
6	Industrial Automation Devices	477 KB	Click Here
7	HART, EDDL, FDT, DTM, MMS, OPC	4.41 MB	Click Here
8	IEC61850	788 KB	Click Here
9	Inputs and Outputs Fieldbus	525 KB	Click Here
10	SCADA Operator Interface	2.49 MB	Click Here
11	Control Systems Dependability	1.32 MB	Click Here
12	Programming Languages for Industrial Automation	667 KB	Click Here
13	Real Time Programming	390 KB	Click Here
14	Real-time operating system	274 KB	Click Here
15	Hydraulic Servo System	2.57 MB	Click Here
16	PLC Primer	238 KB	Click Here
17	PLC Glossary	89 KB	Click Here
18	Basics of PLCs	3.84 MB	Click Here
19	Data Acquisition	1.28 MB	Click Here
20	Control Systems	14.45 MB	Click Here
21	Programmable Logic Design	3.21 MB	Click Here
22	DCS or PLC	212 KB	Click Here

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Must read books

1. Thermodynamics: P.K. Nag, Cengel & Boles
2. Strength of Materials: William A Nash(Schaum outline series), Timoshenko 
3. Mechanics: A. K. Tayal
4. Machine Design: V. B. Bhandari
5. Material science: O. P. Khanna
6. Theory of Machine (Kinematics & Dynamics of Machine): S. S. Rattan, R. S. Khurmi
7. Manufacturing: Kalpakjian, Ghosh & Malik
8. Heat and mass transfer: R. C. Sachdeva
9. Operation research: Hira & Gupta
10. Fluid dynamics & Kinematics: K. L. Kumar, K. Subramanya
11. Mathematics: B. S. Grewal
12. Fluid Dynamics and Turbomachines by Dr. Shamit Bakshi and Dr. Dhiman Chatterjee, Faculty in Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (the second part is for Turbomachinery
13. Fluid Mechanis by Yunus A. Cengel &John M. Cimbala
14. Fluid mechanics by F M. White. 

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PPT on Engine

Engine is a most  significant discovery of human civilization. The discovery of  engine  gave a booster to industrialization. Engines are influencing  very vast areas of our daily life, we all are familiar to a simple engine like motorbike to a complicated one jet engines.

In this presentation we are going to give a collective information about engines, types of engines and various kinds of cycles on which engines are working. 

Click here to download

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Project Report on Engines

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to create motion. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others, such as clockwork motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors like myosins in muscles use chemical energy to create motion.

Click here to download

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Industrial training report on Gear Manufacturing (PPT)

FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE COMPANY FOR GEAR FORGING & MACHINING

• VMC Machines
• CNC Turing Machines
• Gear Shaper Machine 
• Broaching Machines
• Bore Grinding Machines
• Sealed Quenching Furnaces 
• Hot and cold Forging Presses
• Gear Hobbing and Shaving Machines 

Click here for download

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PPT on ABS (Antilock Braking System)

Which is commonly known as ABS is used as an antiskid device in a vehicle. It used to prevent skidding of wheels while braking when we want to stop the vehicle or suddenly reduce its speed at any time.

ABS was first developed for aircraft use in 1929 by the French automobile and aircraft pioeer, Gabriel Voisin.

It provides better stability and control over vehicle while braking at high speed.

Click here for download

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Dissertation on ABS (Anti-lock Braking System)

An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking.A rotating road wheel allows the driver to maintain steering control under heavy braking, by preventing a locked wheel or skid, and allowing the wheel to continue to forward roll and create lateral control, as directed by driver steering inputs. Disadvantages of the system include increased braking distances under some limited circumstances (snow, gravel, "soft" surfaces), and the creation of a "false sense of security" among drivers who do not understand the operation, and limitations of ABS.

Click here for download

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Mechanical Engineering vs Civil Engineering

These two branches of engineering are so famous and high in demand that every engineering student wants to know that which among these two is better? Both of these branches of engineering are high in merit in all universities all over the world. It’s really hard to choose one which is better among these two disciplines. I interviewed almost twenty Mechanical and Civil engineers before writing about this issue. Those who were mechanical engineers, they said Mechanical Engineering is better while those who are Civil Engineers, they said that Civil Engineering is better. So Mechanical Engineering vs Civil Engineering – the debate goes on.

Here I would like to present a more logical difference between these two disciplines of engineering and I hope it will help all young students and prospective students to get to know about these two branches of engineering. Because in the end, I personally think it’s someone’s interest which makes him/her choose between Mechanical or Civil Engineering.

So before i start and you make a choice, it is best to know what is Mechanical Engineering and what is Civil Engineering?

Mechanical engineering involves working on machines. Both are traditional engineering programmes. Mechanical Engineering in layman terms can be termed as the study of automobile machines and mechanics related to that.

While Civil engineering is focuses on design, construction and maintenance of buildings and associated structures.

Scope of work involved 

Mechanical Engineering

Design and control of system that goes into the process of manufacturing the machinery and product.

Testing new systems.

Quality management and improvement.

Marketing products and systems.

Civil Engineering

Design, supervision and construction of structures.

Calculating the cost involved, safety of the structure and potential environmental risks.

Involves travelling quite frequently.

Type of Industry for work 

Mechanical Engineering 

Manufacturing

Automobile

Power

Aeronautical

Civil Engineering 

Building and construction

Private consulting firms

Government departments

Research institutes

Specializations Available

Mechanical Engineering

Production engineering

Automobile engineering

Nuclear engineering

Nanotechnology

Bio-medical engineering

Environmental engineering

Civil Engineering

Structural engineering

Environmental engineering

Transportation engineering

Specific Skills

Mechanical Engineering 

Good technical and communication skill coupled with logical capability to interpret complex and changing concepts.

Civil Engineering

 Good logical and mental capability, problem solving skills and ability to grasp new concepts are very essential to be a good civil engineer.

Should be able to express yourself using figures and words.

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Some Standard Books for IES and GATE Exam

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What is Detonation in Engine?

Detonation is the spontaneous combustion of the end-gas (remaining fuel/air mixture) in the chamber. It always occurs after normal combustion is initiated by the spark plug. The initial combustion at the spark plug is followed by a normal combustion burn. For some reason, likely heat and pressure, the end gas in the chamber spontaneously combusts. The key point here is that detonation occurs after you have initiated the normal combustion with the spark plug.Under normal conditions, the combusting air and fuel mixture inside the combustion chamber ignites in a controlled manner. The mixture is ignited by the spark, normally in the centre of the cylinder, and a flame front moves from the spark towards the outside of the cylinder in a controlled burn.  Detonation, or engine knock, occurs simply when fuel pre-ignites before the piston reaches scheduled spark ignition. This means that a powerful explosion is trying to expand a cylinder chamber that is shrinking in size, attempting to reverse the direction of the piston and the engine.  Causing sudden pressure changes in the cylinder (Up to 10x that normally experienced), and extreme temperature spikes that can be very damaging on engine pistons, rings, rods, gaskets, bearings, and even the cylinder heads.

Even the best engine components cannot withstand severe detonation for more than a few seconds at a time. More severe detonation obviously leads to more severe forms of engine damage. If there is enough heat and pressure in the combustion chamber, detonation can begin to occur before the spark plug even fires, which would normally initiate the combustion. Under these circumstances, known as "pre-ignition", the piston may be travelling up towards a wave of compressed, exploding gas. These are the worst kinds of detonation conditions, and can bend con-rods and destroy pistons.

Detonation causes three types of failure:

      1. Mechanical damage (broken ring lands)

      2. Abrasion (pitting of the piston crown)

      3. Overheating (scuffed piston skirts due to excess heat input or high coolant

           temperatures)

So what causes detonation?

Any of the following items can be factors that cause detonation:

Ignition Timing

Improper ignition timing is usually down to incorrect setup, rather than any system failure.  This can be corrected by checking the static timing and maximum advance.  Most modern forced induction vehicles have an electronic device known as a "knock sensor" that will control the ignition timing by retarding it if it detects any "knock".

Lean Air/Fuel ratio

A lean air/fuel mixture will promote detonation, because a lesser quantity of fuel, when vaporised, will absorb less heat.  Thus a lean mixture increases heat, the root cause of detonation.  For this reason, you will usually find that supercharged vehicles will, if anything tend to run a slightly rich Air/fuel mixture.  In this way the extra fuel actually acts as a liquid intercooler.

Fuel Octane

A fuels Octane rating is a measure of its resistance to spontaneous combustion, or detonation.  The greater the Octane the greater the resistance.  In the UK, standard Unleaded fuel is rated at 95 Ron (Research Octane Number), Currently the highest Octane Rated Fuel available in the UK is Shell Optimax, this has an Octane rating of 98. (I am only using Optimax in the Lightweight.)

Exhaust gas back pressure

Any restriction or blockage in the Exhaust system will increase back pressure, this means that the hot exhaust gasses are kept in the combustion chamber for longer, thus increasing chamber temperature and increasing the likelihood of detonation.

Intercooler

If a supercharged system has been designed to operate with an intercooler, then anything that compromises the intercoolers efficiency will drastically lower the engines threshold to detonation.

Ambient heat

Very high boost, high performance supercharged systems tend to run close to the detonation threshold.  These tend to be more susceptible to Ambient heat.  On very hot days when the ambient temperature rises dramatically they can actually cross the threshold and the results can be disastrous.

So how do you get rid of detonation?

The two most common tricks (and easiest options) used by supercharger manufacturers and engine tuners looking to obtain maximum performance without detonation is 1. use higher octane fuel, and 2. retard the ignition timing.

Higher octane fuel burns more controllably and is not as likely to combust before the flame front. This is why racing engines use 100+ octane fuel. The ONLY benefit of racing fuel is that it moves you away from the detonation threshold, which allows you to be more aggressive with power producing factors - i.e. raise compression, advance timing, etc. So simply putting 100 octane fuel in a standard production car will not produce a racing car as it is just not tuned correctly to take advantage of the Octane rating.

Retarding the ignition timing will delay the timing of the spark, which also moves you away from your detonation threshold. Most popular "power programmers" or "chips" increase engine power by advancing the ignition timing, and requiring you to run a higher octane fuel to avoid detonation. These work great, except the advanced ignition timing is NOT compatible with most superchargers, unless you're happy to run 100 octane fuel. In fact, many supercharger systems include an "ignition boost retard" that retards the ignition timing when it senses boost from the supercharger.

Another way to avoid detonation is to cool the incoming air charge to lower the temperature inside the combustion chamber. On a supercharged application, this task can be handled by an intercooler/Charge cooler or by a water injection system (less common). The intercooler takes the incoming air charge and passes it over a series of air-cooled or water-cooled fins and ducts, thus cooling the air in the same way that a radiator cools your engine's coolant. Intercoolers are thus very popular in higher output supercharger systems, where detonation becomes more of a problem. A suitable  intercooler allows you to run more boost and also allows you to eliminate the ignition boost retard, meaning you'll notice increased performance, and still experience no detonation.

Another way to lower the temperature of the combusting air and fuel is to run cooler heat range spark plugs. Many supercharger manufacturers will recommend cooler plugs for your supercharged engine.

Because a lean condition (fuel starvation) also contributes to detonation, it is important to make sure that the fuel system (pump, injectors, etc.) is capable of delivering the increased fuel requirements of the supercharged engine. Often, an otherwise perfectly tuned engine will experience detonation just because the fuelling system can't deliver enough fuel to the engine. Upgrading certain fuel components is sometimes necessary when supercharging an engine. More commonly the ECU that controls the Fuelling MAP needs to be upgraded.  If you are installing a supercharger on an engine with other modifications, you need to make sure you consider the additional fuel requirements and compensate with larger injectors and / or a bigger fuel pump if required.

Conclusion

You should pay close attention to "knock" and pinging noises that come from your engine because they could indicate detonation inside the combustion chamber and should be dealt with immediately.  If ignored it could prove to be a costly decision.

Although detonation can be potentially damaging to an engine, it is easily controlled once you understand the causes.  With a little thought when implementing the chosen design there should be no reason for detonation to occur.

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Difference between CI and SI engine .

1. In SI engines, a properly mixed air-fuel mixture is provided by an electrical spark. Whereas in CI engines high temperature caused by compressing the air is sufficient for ignition.Hence they are called CI engines.

2.The SI engine works on Otto cycle. WhereasThe CI engine works on Diesel cycle.

3. the fuel used in SI engine is Petrol that burns if left in air at a little bit temperature. It is very volatile. The fuel used in CI engine is Diesel that has less self-ignition tendency and is less volatile.

4. In SI engines, aromatics are most preferred fuels whereas in CI engines alkanes are preferred as fuels.

5. A fuel must pass through four criteria before it is used : (a) volatility, (b) anti-knock quality, (c) gum deposits, and (d) sulphur content. Except volatility, other three can be managed.

   More volatility means less ignition temperature, which in turn implies that a lower compression ratio can be obtained(as is the case with SI engines). In CI engines, diesel is used that is less volatile than petrol. So an appreciably larger compression ratio can be obtained that yields more efficiency. So volatility of fuels does play a crucial role in determining the efficiency of the Internal Combustion engines.

3. The air-fuel mixture is homogeneous throughout in SI while in CI only air enters and in the cylinder mixture is heterogeneous.

4. In SI engine, properly mixed air-fuel mixture in carburettor enters the cylinder. But in CI engine, only air enters the cylinder.

5.In CI engines the compression ratio is higher, which produces high pressures inside the engine. Hence CI engines are heavier than SI engines.

6.  Petrol or SI engines are lightweight, and the fuel is homogeneously burned, hence achieving very high speeds. CI engines are heavier and the fuel is burned heterogeneously, hence producing lower speeds.

7. In SI engine, the combustion chamber is smaller because there is no smoke. But in CI engine, due to smoke, combustion chamber has to be larger.

8. In SI engines, knocking is due to pre-ignition. It can result in detonation and can damage the engine altogether. But in CI engines, knocking is due to ignition delay, and hence it is least harmful.

9. The compression ratio is in the range of 6-10 in SI engines whereas in CI engines, it is about 12-20. Hence CI engines are considered efficient than the SI engines.

10.In the case of SI engines the lower compression ratio reduces their potential to achieve higher thermal efficiency. But in the case of CI engines the value of compression ratio is higher; hence these engines have the potential to achieve higher thermal efficiency.

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Milling Machine (PPT)

•Used to produce one or more machined surfaces accurately on workpiece

–One or more rotary milling cutters

•Workpiece held on work table or holding device and brought into contact with cutter

•Vertical milling machine most common

•Horizontal milling machine handles operations normally performed by other tools.

ppt on milling machine

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